Enterprise logging and telemetry form the backbone of modern cyber forensics in organizational settings, aggregating structured data from endpoints, networks, identities, and clouds into centralized platforms for detection, investigation, and response.
Systems like SIEM, EDR, and XDR collect high-volume events—process executions, authentication attempts, and API calls—enabling correlation across silos to reconstruct breaches and attribute actions.
These sources provide scalable visibility beyond individual hosts, essential for enterprise-scale incident analysis where threats span multiple vectors.
SIEM: Centralized Log Aggregation
SIEM platforms ingest and normalize logs from diverse sources, creating searchable repositories for correlation and alerting.
Logs include firewall denies, authentication failures, and application errors; rules detect patterns like brute-force waves. Retention (90-365 days) supports compliance (GDPR, PCI-DSS); UEBA baselines user behaviors for anomalies.
Key sources:
1. Windows Event Logs (4624 logons, 4688 processes).
2. Syslog from Linux/routers.
3. CloudTrail (AWS API calls).
EDR: Endpoint Behavioral Telemetry
EDR agents capture granular host data, focusing on processes, behaviors, and runtime anomalies for proactive response.
Telemetry includes parent-child processes, fileless execution, and memory injections; ML detects evasion. Forensic timelines show dwell time, lateral movement; integrates with SIEM for context.
XDR and Telemetry Enrichment
XDR extends EDR to networks/clouds/identity, unifying signals for automated triage.
Combines endpoint telemetry with NetFlow, IAM logs; AI prioritizes incidents. Forensic value lies in cross-correlation: endpoint process → Cloud API → Identity pivot.
Sources:
1. Identity logs (Okta events).
2. Cloud audits (Azure AD sign-ins).
3. Network flows for exfiltration volume.
Workflow: EDR alert → XDR correlation → SIEM investigation.
Cloud and Identity Logging
Enterprise environments generate hybrid telemetry demanding multi-cloud support.
1. CloudTrail/GuardDuty (AWS), Sentinel (Azure): API calls, anomalies.
2. IAM: Entra ID, Okta for MFA bypasses, role assumptions.
3. SaaS: O365 Unified Audit Logs for email/share exfiltration.
Normalize timestamps; retain 400+ days for regulations.
Analysis and Forensics Workflow
Forensic use transforms raw logs into evidence.
Challenges: Volume overload, false positives—mitigate via ML tuning, retention policies.
In ransomware: EDR process creation → SIEM NetFlow spike → CloudTrail encryption APIs trace full chain.
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